Footnote style
Style Guide – Footnote Citations (Chicago)
Footnotes
When you wish to reference a source, insert a footnote after the punctuation marks – i.e. to the right of quotation marks, full stops, etc.
Please provide a full citation for a source upon its first use, but short form citations will suffice for subsequent references to the same source.
List all materials cited in the bibliography.
Sample Citations—Notes and Bibliography
For a source you directly quote, in the footnote give only the page number of that quotation. The bibliography entry will give the full page range of the article/chapter. Use an en dash (–) between numbers in page ranges.
Book
Footnote citation:
Theodor Adorno and Hanns Eisler, Composing for the Films (1947; repr. London: Athlone, 1994), 44. Citations refer to the 1994 edition.
Karen Collins, Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory, and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 122.
Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture, trans. R. F. C. Hull (London: Routledge, 1949), 42.
Aaron Marks, The Complete Guide to Game Audio, 2nd ed. (Burlington, MA: Focal, 2009), 210.
Eero Tarasti, A Theory of Musical Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
Short form:
Adorno and Eisler, Composing for the Films, 45.
Collins, Game Sound, 105.
Huizinga, Homo Ludens, 55.
Marks, Complete Guide to Game Audio, 210.
Tarasti, Theory of Musical Semiotics, 129.
Bibliography:
Adorno, Theodor, and Hanns Eisler. Composing for the Films. 1947. Reprint, London: Athlone, 1994.
Collins, Karen. Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory, and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.
Huizinga, Johan. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Translated by R. F. C. Hull. London: Routledge, 1949.
Marks, Aaron. The Complete Guide to Game Audio. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Focal, 2009.
Tarasti, Eero. A Theory of Musical Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Edited book
Footnote citation:
Michael Austin, ed., Music Video Games: Performance, Politics, and Play (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016).
K. J. Donnelly, William Gibbons, and Neil Lerner, eds., Music in Video Games: Studying Play (New York: Routledge, 2014).
Short form:
Austin, Music Video Games.
Donnelly, Gibbons, and Lerner, Music in Video Games.
Bibliography:
Austin, Michael, ed. Music Video Games: Performance, Politics, and Play. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016.
Donnelly, K. J., William Gibbons, and Neil Lerner, eds. Music in Video Games: Studying Play. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Chapter in edited book
Footnote citation:
Karen M. Cook, ‘Music, History, and Progress in Sid Meier’s Civilization IV’, in Music in Video Games: Studying Play, ed.K. J. Donnelly, William Gibbons, and Neil Lerner (New York: Routledge, 2014), 174.
Melanie Fritsch, ‘Beat It! – Playing the “King of Pop” in Video Games’, in Music Video Games: Performance, Politics, and Play, ed. Michael Austin (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016), 167.
Short form:
Cook, ‘Music, History, and Progress’, 174.
Fritsch, ‘Beat It!’, 166.
Bibliography:
Cook, Karen M. ‘Music, History, and Progress in Sid Meier’s Civilization IV’. In Music in Video Games: Studying Play, edited byK.J. Donnelly, William Gibbons, and Neil Lerner, 166–182. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Fritsch, Melanie. ‘Beat It! – Playing the “King of Pop” in Video Games’. In Music Video Games, edited by Michael Austin, 153–176. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016.
Journal article (print or online)
Footnote citation:
William Cheng, ‘Role-Playing toward a Virtual Musical Democracy in The Lord of the Rings Online’, Ethnomusicology 56, no. 1 (2012): 33. [give the page number if you’re quoting from that page; give the page range if you’re not quoting]
William Gibbons, ‘Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams: Popular Music, Narrative, and Dystopia in Bioshock’, Game Studies 11, no. 3 (2011), http://gamestudies.org/1103/articles/gibbons.
Short form:
Cheng, ‘Role-Playing toward a Virtual Musical Democracy’, 40.
Gibbons, ‘Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams’.
Bibliography:
Cheng, William. ‘Role-Playing toward a Virtual Musical Democracy in The Lord of the Rings Online’. Ethnomusicology 56, no. 1 (2012): 31–62.
Gibbons, William. ‘Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams: Popular Music, Narrative, and Dystopia in Bioshock’. Game Studies 11, no. 3 (2011). http://gamestudies.org/1103/articles/gibbons.
Website content
For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use ‘n.d.’ Always include an access date.
Footnote citation:
‘Privacy Policy’, Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, accessed July 23, 2020, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
Short form:
Google, ‘Privacy Policy’.
Bibliography:
Google. ‘Privacy Policy’. Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. Accessed July 23, 2020. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
Online news
Footnote:
Hope Corrigan, ‘This Bag of Doritos Will Play the Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 2’, IGN, April 25, 2017, accessed April 26, 2018, http://uk.ign.com/articles/2017/04/26/this-bag-of-doritos-will-play-the-guardians-of-the-galaxy-awesome-mix-vol-2.
Short form:
Corrigan, ‘This Bag of Doritos’.
Bibliography:
Corrigan, Hope. ‘This Bag of Doritos Will Play the Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 2’. IGN, April 25, 2017. Accessed April 26, 2018. http://uk.ign.com/articles/2017/04/26/this-bag-of-doritos-will-play-the-guardians-of-the-galaxy-awesome-mix-vol-2.
Dissertation
Include a DOI (or URL) and access date if you consulted it online.
Footnote citation:
Michiel Kamp, ‘Four Ways of Hearing Video Game Music’, (PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 2015), 33–34.
Short form:
Kamp, ‘Four Ways of Hearing’, 55.
Bibliography:
Kamp, Michiel. ‘Four Ways of Hearing Video Game Music’. PhD diss., University of Cambridge, 2015.
Online video
Footnote citation:
Austin Wintory, ‘Assassin’s Creed Syndicate – Raw Scoring Session Footage’, September 18, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOdfvC2NwsI.
Short form:
Austin Wintory, ‘Assassin’s Creed Syndicate – Raw Scoring’.
Bibliography:
Wintory, Austin. ‘Assassin’s Creed Syndicate – Raw Scoring Session Footage’. September 18, 2016. Accessed July 23, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOdfvC2NwsI.
Conference presentation
Footnote citation:
Ryan Thompson, ‘Operatic Conventions and Expectations in Final Fantasy VI’ (presentation, 8th Conference of Music and the Moving Image, New York, May 31, 2013).
Short form:
Thompson, ‘Operatic Conventions’.
Bibliography:
Thompson, Ryan. ‘Operatic Conventions and Expectations in Final Fantasy VI’. Presentation at 8th Conference of Music and the Moving Image, New York, May 31, 2013.
The following materials are not normally cited in footnotes, but are included in the bibliography.
Film and television
Scott, Ridley, dir. Thelma & Louise. 1991; Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2004. DVD.
Murphy, Ryan, dir. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson. Episode 6, ‘Marcia, Marcia, Marcia’. Aired March 8, 2016, on FX.
Video games
Title. Developer/Publisher. Year. Region/Language, Original platform of edition and platform(s) used, if different.
The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery. Sierra On-Line. 1995. English, PC on GOG.com redistribution.
Destroy All Humans! Pandemic/THQ. 2005. PAL/English, Xbox version on Xbox One.
Fantasia: Music Evolved. Harmonix/Disney. 2014. PAL/English, Xbox 360.
Grim Fandango Remastered. Double Fine Productions. 2015. PC.
Jeff Wayne’s Video Game Version of the War of the Worlds. CRL. 1984. PAL/English, ZX Spectrum 48k on ZX Spectrum +2 and Fuse PC emulator.
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Nintendo. 1998. PAL/English, Nintendo 64.
Mother/Earthbound Beginnings. Ape/Nintendo. 1989. NTSC/English, Famicom version on Nintendo Virtual Console, Wii U.
Pac-Man. Namco. 1980. Arcade machine. Science Museum, London.
True Crime: New York City. Luxoflux/Activision. 2004. German, PC.
Scores
Schubert, Franz. ‘Fantasie’. In Klavierstücke Klaviervariationen, 42–62. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1992.
Schubert, Franz. ‘Fantasie in C’. In Werke für Klavier zu zwei Händen, Band 4 Klavierstücke I, edited by David Goldberg. Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke, vol. 7, no. 2, 83–97. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1988.
Albums
Depending on your discussion, you may choose to list the main author as the name of the group or performer, or it may be more appropriate to list the composer.
Imagine Dragons. 2017. ‘Thunder’. Track 9 on Evolve. Interscope Records, compact disc.
Ravel, Maurice. 1991. Ravel: Volume Two. The Philharmonia Orchestra. Geoffrey Simon. Cala Records CACD 1005, compact disc.